Historians of historiography have paid more attention to differences and innovations than to similarities and constants. This article investigates the importance of "longue durée structures" in nineteenth- and twentieth-century historiography.The first part shows the extent of the common philosophical ideas shared by the "new histories" on the rise from the 1920s to the 1970s: the Annales school, Marxist historiography, the American social science historians, the Past and Present group, and the "Bielefeld school." It suggests continuity between German Historismus and these (...) "new histories."From the postmodern point of view, all "new histories" are also "modern histories"; since the 1970s various types of history have come to be regarded as postmodern and, therefore, radically different. The second part of the article brings to light major continuities running from modern to postmodern thought, from the "new histories" to the "new new histories."The article ends with some ideas on how to "reconstruct" a plural historiographical community. (shrink)

The question of how the probabilistic opinions of different individuals should be aggregated to form a group opinion is controversial. But one assumption seems to be pretty much common ground: for a group of Bayesians, the representation of group opinion should itself be a unique probability distribution, 410–414, [45]; Bordley Management Science, 28, 1137–1148, [5]; Genest et al. The Annals of Statistics, 487–501, [21]; Genest and Zidek Statistical Science, 114–135, [23]; Mongin Journal of Economic Theory, 66, 313–351, [46]; Clemen and (...) Winkler Risk Analysis, 19, 187–203, [7]; Dietrich and List [14]; Herzberg Theory and Decision, 1–19, [28]). We argue that this assumption is not always in order. We show how to extend the canonical mathematical framework for pooling to cover pooling with imprecise probabilities by employing set-valued pooling functions and generalizing common pooling axioms accordingly. As a proof of concept, we then show that one IP construction satisfies a number of central pooling axioms that are not jointly satisfied by any of the standard pooling recipes on pain of triviality. Following Levi, 3–11, [39]), we also argue that IP models admit of a much better philosophical motivation as a model of rational consensus. (shrink)

Many philosophers hold that generics (i.e., unquantified generalizations) are pervasive in communication and that when they are about social groups, this may offend and polarize people because generics gloss over variations between individuals. Generics about social groups might be particularly common on Twitter (X). This remains unexplored, however. Using machine learning (ML) techniques, we therefore developed an automatic classifier for social generics, applied it to 1.1 million tweets about people, and analyzed the tweets. While it is often suggested that generics (...) are ubiquitous in everyday communication, we found that most tweets (78%) about people contained no generics. However, tweets with generics received more “likes” and retweets. Furthermore, while recent psychological research may lead to the prediction that tweets with generics about political groups are more common than tweets with generics about ethnic groups, we found the opposite. However, consistent with recent claims that political animosity is less constrained by social norms than animosity against gender and ethnic groups, negative tweets with generics about political groups were significantly more prevalent and retweeted than negative tweets about ethnic groups. Our study provides the first ML-based insights into the use and impact of social generics on Twitter. (shrink)

En este ensayo exploro cierta veta reduccionista del enfoque enactivo de Noë. Primero argumento que su concepción de nuestro encuentro perceptual con las propiedades intrínsecas de los objetos requiere una metafísica relacional revisionista para ser exitosa. Luego argumento que la propuesta de Noë sobre el rol de la percepción para el pensamiento espacial exige una concepción revisionista de nuestros conceptos espaciales cotidianos. Finalmente, sugiero que a la base de estas formas de revisionismo está una comprensión reduccionista de la egocentricidad perceptual (...) que debe abandonarse si queremos una concepción más substantiva de la percepción y su rol explicativo en el pensamiento. (shrink)

El presente artículo pretende abordar la recepción practicada por Marion del neoplatonismo agustiniano y dionisiano al interior de su fenomenología de la donación. Sirviéndonos del estudio de Josef Koch sobre las notas distintivas de estos dos tipos de neoplatonismo, sostenemos, a modo de hipótesis general, que en la propuesta de Marion se pone en juego un sincretismo fenomenológico en el que ambas tradiciones cooperar para formular lo que denominamos un “lenguaje de la saturación” como modo de nombrar fenómenos que exceden (...) el campo de los objetos y su certeza metafísica. Este intento de unificar ambas tradiciones del neoplatonismo presenta dos momentos. Por un lado, los estudios marionianos sobre la noción dionisiana de alabanza en L’idole et la distance (1977) y en De surcroît (2001). Por el otro lado, la lectura marioniana de Agustín en Au lieu de soi (2008). Esta profundiza el problema de la alabanza como hilo conductor del neoplatonismo cristiano, a la vez que amplía dicha propuesta retomando el concepto agustiniano de confessio y el vocablo idipsum. (shrink)

El antes y un después del comienzo de la guerra de Ucrania muestra los cambios en la opinión de los ciudadanos ante la seguridad y la defensa. No es igual en todos los países de la UE. Habrá que ver si la percepción del riesgo y la forma de hacerle frente se mantiene conforme se alarga la guerra y las consecuencias colaterales. En los gobiernos de la UE existe una cacofonía estratégica semejante a la de los ciudadanos cuando aceptan de (...) manera desigual los costes para garantizar la seguridad colectiva. Una percepción y respuesta desigual como desigual es la realidad de la UE. Las _europas _de la UE dificultan que se realice de manera cómoda los esfuerzos creadores equiparables a los peligros que la amenazan. Esfuerzos tanto en el poder blando, como en el duro. Los líderes estratégicos en la UE al margen de la retórica deben reconocer las amenazas, tomar decisiones políticas y llevar a cabo el esfuerzo continuado para reducirlas. Los ciudadanos del común aportan en número suficiente y por ahora el apoyo en ese sentido. Que en la UE no se desaproveche tanto esfuerzo del pueblo de Ucrania. (shrink)

This paper analizes the work of Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto (Dependência e Desenvolvimento), to see the relation between state and social classes in the brazilian development process, yersteday and today.

El presente trabajo se propone analizar el problema del lenguaje en dos pensadores de la _nouvelle phénoménologie_ francesa: Jean-Luc Marion y Claude Romano. Intentamos mostrar que la novedad de esta tradición consiste en mostrar que el lenguaje propio de la fenomenología puede ser explorado desde una dimensión no-predicativa. Para esto, proponemos agrupar estas propuestas bajo la noción de “lenguajes del exceso”. En relación a Marion, agruparemos sus diversas formulaciones sobre este tema bajo la idea de lo que denominaremos como “lenguaje (...) de la saturación”. El elemento central aquí será su recepción del neoplatonismo cristiano (Dionisio Areopagita y Nicolás de Cusa), la cual le permite formular un lenguaje para nombrar los fenómenos saturados. En cuanto a Claude Romano, aunque ajeno a la tradición del neoplatonismo cristiano, sostendremos que su propuesta fenomenológico-hermenéutica está al servicio de la búsqueda de un lenguaje que pueda denominar el acontecimiento. En ambos casos, los autores pretenden describir fenómenos que exceden el ámbito de los objetos. (shrink)

Frente a la naturaleza revolucionaria de internet, capaz de funcionar en unidad de tiempo real y a escala global, el autor se sitúa entre los "Cyberoptimistas" y los "Cyberpesimistas", para postular una actitud más reflexiva. En el artículo aborda la compleja interacción entre el internet y los cambios en la gobernabilidad de las sociedades, desarrollando temas como los de autogobierno la disminución de mecanismos de coerción estatal y la importancia de avanzar hacia la plena incorporación de las tecnologías digitales a (...) la gobernabilidad de los países. (shrink)

A commentary on “Models of Consent to Return of Incidental Findings in Genomic Research,” by Paul S. Appelbaum, Erik Parens, Cameron R. Waldman, Robert Klitzman, Abby Fyer, Josue Martinez, W. Nicholson Price II, and Wendy K. Chung, in the July‐August 2014 issue.

This paper is an invitation to reflect on the advisability of analysing philosophy from a naturalistic perspective. That is, from a perspective that considers philosophy as if it was one more cultural object, which can be studied using the tools that we have available to us today and that are provided by disciplines such as evolutionary psychology or anthropology oriented by a distinctly cognitivist approach. A central concept in the analysis is that of “intuitive ontology” – closely linked to intuitive (...) (or folk-) philosophy or the spontaneous, naïve (natural) way of thinking that is associated with common sense – which is a result of the evolutionary process and a source of metaphysical prejudices such as dualism. A metaphilosophical reflection, such as that proposed here, identifies the “natural” character of a transcendent metaphysics that is still too close to intuitive philosophy, and the interest of constituting a naturalistic philosophy that is fully conscious of its “unnatural” or “counterintuitive” character. (shrink)

Los planteamientos que se esgrimen en este breve artículo buscan interpelar aquellos lugares de enunciación, producción y reproducción sociales que se han visto cooptados discursivamente con el objetivo de perpetuar un determinado tipo de alienación subjetiva y su consecuente inoperancia política. Siguiendo tropos extraídos de lecturas metamodernas en el campo de la política, epistemología y sociología, además de intuiciones y nociones provenientes de casos clínicos psicoanalíticos discutidos in extenso en campos de transferencia y discusión entre analistas y analizantes, la pregunta (...) que estructura el siguiente escrito es la siguiente: ¿dónde ha ido a parar la agencia política? ¿Qué se ha institucionalizado en su lugar? ¿Cómo recobrar dicha dimensionalidad crítica? (shrink)

The hypothesis that terrorism often emerges when mass collective action declines and radicals take up arms to compensate for the weakness of a mass movement has been around for some time; however, it has never been tested systematically. In this article the authors investigate the relationship between terrorist violence and mass protest in the context of the Spanish transition to democracy. This period is known for its pacts and negotiations between political elites, but in fact, it was accompanied by high (...) levels of terrorist violence and popular mobilization. To test the hypothesis, the authors have created two data sets, one on victims of terrorism and another on participation in demonstrations. The data clearly confirm that terrorism erupted in Spain when participation in demonstrations started to decline. This result sheds new light on the nonstructural conditions associated with the onset of terrorist violence. (shrink)

From the 12th to the 15th centuries, women were better considered in Canon Law than in Civil Law. The Church accepted the way of thinking and the civil laws of the period, but defended the basic content of Natural Law concerning the dignity of the womanhood.

RESUMENEste trabajo describe y examina críticamente la obra mencionada, cuya tesis final es la infinitud del hombre y su divinización por el Kant maduro. Su mérito consiste en (i) realizar una minu- 1 «Existe Dios en nosotros. La identidad de Dios y la razón pura práctica en la Crítica de la razón práctica de Kant». En lo que sigue abrevio el nombre del autor con las siglas «GS», y el de esta obra con las siglas «TGS». ciosa lectura de los (...) postulados de la KpV, que permite descubrir una interna problematicidad no considerada antes, y (ii) proponer como solución a ella la existencia de una naturaleza dual en el hombre (homo phänomenon - homo noumenon). Aunque la obra adolece de ambigüedades tanto en las nociones básicas como en la tesis propuesta, eso no obsta para que sus aportaciones, de gran relevancia, deban ser tenidas seriamente en cuenta.PALABRAS CLAVEHISTORIA DE LA FILOSOFÍA MODERNA; I. KANT; POSTULADOS DE LA RAZÓN PRÁCTICA; DIOS; INFINITUD DEL HOMBRE; ANTROPONOMÍA.ABSTRACTThis note reviews and critically examines the book mentioned in its title. The main thesis of this book is the infiniteness and divinization of human being that can be found in the writings of the late Kant. The book examined has two merits: (i) by means of an exhaustive reading of the postulates of Kant’s «Critique of Practical Reason», it manages to bring to light an internal inconsistency in these postulates; (ii) it proposes the existence of a dual nature in human being (homo phänomenon - homo noumenon) as the solution to that inconsistency. Though the book suffers from ambiguities and inaccuracy both in the basic notions employed and the main thesis advanced, it makes significant contributions that must be seriously taken into account.KEY WORDSHISTORY OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY, I. KANT, PRACTICAL REASON’S POSTULATES, GOD, HUMAN BEING’S INFINITENESS, ANTROPONOMY. (shrink)

Cada vez está más cerca el 1 de enero de 2005, fecha en la cual, según lo dispone el Acto Legislativo 03 de diciembre 19 de 2002, debe entrar a regir el nuevo sistema de procesamiento penal: el sistema acusatorio. En el acto legislativo y en el proyecto de Código de Procedimiento Penal que desarrolla dicho sistema de procesamiento, si bien es cierto el Jurado de Conciencia se enuncia como uno de los órganos llamados a administrar justicia, no se le (...) asigna esquema de funcionamiento alguno -número de integrantes, forma de elección, posesión, instalación, operatividad, etc.- como tampoco se señala qué delitos estarían sometidos al juzgamiento con participación de dicha Institución. (shrink)

This study identifies alternative models for the production of AI-generated images to those currently used by mainstream AI platforms. Based on primitive computational art processes, these systems allow designers to gain greater control over the final visual result while avoiding potential issues with intellectual property theft and breach of privacy. The article starts by analysing the level of artificiality that might be effectively attributed to each part of the creative process involved in the development of AI-generated images. It then moves (...) on to discuss the extent to which individual actors intervene in each of these stages, with the aim of untangling the different subjectivities that would ultimately shape the meaning of AI-generated photographs, and identifying existing AI models that are able to offer practical solutions for every designer to retain creative autonomy over their AI creations. (shrink)

L. Polo es un buen maestro, más preocupado por descubrir la verdad que por ser entendido. Su pensar es paciente, la atención, concentrada. Mantiene la congruencia entre el nivel del método cognoscitivo que emplea y los temas reales conocidos que estudia. En él destacan tres cualidades: la audacia en el buscar, la convivencia con la verdad y la apertura universal al saber.

El presente artículo intenta hilvanar una reflexión sobre los escurridizos límites entre los conceptos de inmigración económica, nuevos refugiados (personas dignas de protección internacional que no responden a las rancias exigencias del Convenio de Ginebra sobre refugiados) y refugiados amparados por dicho Convenio. La razón prístina para que el Derecho internacional se ocupe de los supuestos de refugio y apenas lo haga con respecto a los casos de inmigración económica está en que, desde antiguo, este Derecho ha entendido que los (...) movimientos migratorios obedecen a motivaciones más o menos voluntarias, mientras que el refugio implica que una persona se encuentra sin posibilidad de protección en su Estado de origen. Sin embargo, en el Derecho internacional contemporáneo nos encontramos ante un cuadro dominado por la imprecisión: ¿Son voluntarias las migraciones provenientes desde el tercer mundo? En caso de respuesta negativa, ¿cuáles son forzosas y cuáles no lo son? ¿Acaso sólo son involuntarias las provocadas por el Estado de origen, sea por acción u omisión? ¿Qué sucede entonces con los desplazamientos humanos que traen causa en las catástrofes naturales?. Por fin, la respuesta de los Estados ante las migraciones forzosas y la protección de los nuevos refugiados trae consigo una toma de postura coherente ante la diversidad cultural, ya que ésta será determinante para que la denominada «integración» de los inmigrantes y refugiados. Asimismo, cualquier reflexión sobre la convivencia entre distintas culturas nos conduce al perdurable debate sobre el origen de los derechos humanos fundamentales y de su carácter universal, inderogable e indivisible. (shrink)

Dieser Band enthält die vier Arbeiten Freges: Begriffsschrift, eine der arithmetischen nachgebildeten Formelsprache, 1879; Anwendungen der Begriffsschrift, 1879; Über den Briefwechsel Leibnizens und Huggens mit Papin, 1881; Über den Zweck der Begriffsschrift, 1883; Über die wissenschaftliche Berechtigung einer Begriffsschrift, 1882. Frege's research work in the field of mathematical logic is of great importance for the present-day analytic philosophy. We actually owe to Frege a great amount of basical insight and exemplary research, which set up a new standard also in other (...) fields of knowledge. As the founder of mathematical logic he severely examindes the syllogisms on which arithmetic is built up. In doing so, Frege recognized that our colloquial language is inadequate to define logic structures. His notional language corresponded to the artaivicial logical language demandes by Leibniz. Frege's achievement in the field of logic were so important, that they radiated into the domain of philosophy and influenced the development of mathematical logic decisively. (shrink)

The topic of divine providence is back on the theological agenda. Even a cursory review of the recent debates will reveal an increasing interest in this issue. A closer look at the literature of the last five or so decades indicates, however, that there is a considerable disagreement about the conceptualisation of providence and, consequently, how to approach the topic best. What does ‘providence’ in the theological context actually mean, and are there models available to help understand and appropriate the (...) thus conceived doctrine of providence? (shrink)

In this paper I address the question of whether bodily awareness is a form of perceptual awareness or not. I discuss José Luis Bermúdez’s and Shaun Gallagher’s proposals about this issue and find them unsatisfactory. Then I suggest an alternative view and offer some reasons for it.

Legaz Lacamba, L. José Ignacio de Alcorta, filósofo de nuestro tiempo.--Semblanza del profesor Alcorta.--Rodríguez Resina, A. El realismo trascendental, introducción a la filosofía de J. I. de Alcorta.

I wish to express, first of all, my profound gratitude to Professor J. M. Bochenski, without whose assistance the present work would have not been possible. To be concise, I would like to state that his contribution to this book may be viewed at three levels: (1) that of the general spirit, (2) that of the specific ideas, theses or approaches which are expressed in its pages, (3) that of this work qua doctoral dissertation. The general spirit which has guided (...) my research coincides with that underlying Professor :Oochenski's own works, in particular his Formale Logik (Munchen 1956). Moreover, the particular occasion which suggested my investigation was a statement included in that book according to which the literature in the field still lacked a detailed work on Frege (p. 317). I wish, likewise, to express my gratitude to other professors of the University of Fribourg for their generous help. I mention especially Professors P. Wyser, M. D. Philippe, N. Luyten, and V. Kuiper. I have also benefited from Professor E. Specker's lectures at the Eidge nossische Technische Hochschule (ZUrich) and from Professor Olof Gigon's lectures at the University of Bern. From an earlier period I wish to express my gratitude to the professors of the philosophy department of the Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, especially the late Professor Francisco Romero. The Swiss National Library (Bern) has greatly facilitated access to bibliographical sources, and the library of the University of Munster (Westphalien) has kindly provided microfilms of Frege's Nachlap. (shrink)

Partiendo de la figura del intelectual, tal corno la define José Luis L. Aranguren, como moralista heterodoxo que, portavoz de los sin voz, cumple una doble función critica y utópica, se estudia la relación que pueda tener con la política en la doble acepción de convivencia libre y de poder. El artículo concluye esbozando una crítica que incluye la de sus supuestos filosóficos, a la idea de Aranguren de que el intelectual, a diferencia del ideólogo, ha de mantenerse al margen (...) de la política partidaria o institucional. (shrink)

According to epistemic contextualism, the truth value of a knowledge ascription sentence varies in relation to the epistemic standard in play at its context of use. Contextualists promise a relatively conservative (dis)solution of the skeptical paradox that threatens to destroy our alleged everyday knowledge, based on our apparent inability to discard some exotic possibilities of error. The origins of the contextualist position have been traced back to some passages of Austin’s “Other Minds.” However, it is at best dubious whether the (...) alternative there explored is indeed contextualist. Austin seems to be proposing a much more radical position, one still ignored in the literature. This paper aims to develop an Austinian approach to knowledge attributions. I show how we could use the Austinian account to solve this skeptical paradox. I also respond to some important objections to this view. (shrink)

De mi padre recuerdo que solía decir: “No deseo que llegue el día de los grandes elogios, pues sé que, entonces, no los necesitaré”. Mi padre, a su modo, tenía esa veta estoica que recorre el sentir de los pueblos costeños, hechos de una sabiduría que se ha forjado en las faenas de la mar y cuyo talante les aprovisiona de una resignada actitud ante la vida y la muerte. Pensando en ello, he de reconocer que mi querido amigo Jairo (...) Escobar ya no precisa de mis elogios. Si acaso, como suele suceder, soy de los que ha de detenerse a preguntar: ¿Por qué soy deudo suyo? (shrink)

The Weber thesis on a hypothetical imprint of Protestantism in the «spirit» of capitalism has been widely spread. Not willing to discredit his proposal, the truth is that, being falsifiable with difficulty, some careless wordings have been derived from it claiming to explain the present economical circumstances through differential religious facts. Being religion an unparalleled all covering feature, such circumstances depend on many factors. It has been claimed some scientific status through the most diverse socioeconomic data. This is something also (...) applicable to those who claim to refute him. The intoxication so emanated from the Weber’s work seems disconcerting, seeing in it from an attempt to legitimate capitalism to a confirmation of the Black Legend. This work does not try to support or reject the thesis, but to investigate the kind of issues that could cause its formulation. For this purpose, it focuses on less usual questions, such as the analysis of the doctrinal features of Protestantism from which the Weber’s arguments would arise. (shrink)

In this paper we discuss the way logical consequence depends on what sets there are. We try to find out what set-theoretical assumptions have to be made to determine a logic, i.e., to give a definite answer to whether any given argument is correct. Consideration of second order logic -which is left highly indetermined by the usual set-theoretical axioms- prompts us to suggest a slightly different but natural nation of logical consequence, which reduces second order logic indeterminacy without interfering with (...) first order logic. (shrink)

In 1936 Tarski sketched a rigorous definition of the concept of logical consequence which, he claimed, agreed quite well with common usage-or, as he also said, with the common concept of consequence. Commentators of Tarski's paper have usually been elusive as to what this common concept is. However, being clear on this issue is important to decide whether Tarski's definition failed (as Etchemendy has contended) or succeeded (as most commentators maintain). I argue that the common concept of consequence that Tarski (...) tried to characterize is not some general, all-purpose notion of consequence, but a rather precise one, namely the concept of consequence at play in axiomatics. I identify this concept and show that Tarski's definition is fully adequate to it. (shrink)